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Obrigado pela participa��o. N�s usaremos esta informa��o para trazer mais novidades para voc�.
Por Fred Gomes e Let�cia Marques?? � Rio de Janeiro
05/12/2023 19h38 Atualizado 05/2012/21/10/2023 19 horas38. O uruguaio Nicol�s De La Cruz �?? a bola da vez no Flamengo. Sonho antigo do departamento de futebol, o clube j� admite pagar � vista a?? multa avaliada em US$ 16 milh�es (cerca de
a poss�vel contrata��o.
+ Landim descarta sa�da de Marcos Braz do Flamengo: "Nem f...,?? � meu parceira�o"
Landim deixar no ar possibilidade de De La Cruz no Flamengo. Recentemente, LandIM foi convidado pelo grupo pol�tico?? Uni�o Rubro-Negra (URN) para debater a gest�o e, durante a reuni�o, revelou detalhes da negocia��o fracassada na �ltima janela e?? das possibilidades no futuro. O ge
O ge e o ge ge.O Ge e a
teve acesso ao �udio com as falas?? do mandat�rio rubro-negro (ou�a acima e veja a transcri��o abaixo).
teteVE acesso a �udio ao com a falas e a?? fala de De la Cruz Boca Juniors x River Plate � 
: Juan Ignacio Roncoroni/EFE
O Flamengo sabe de que De?? La Cruz tem o desejo de jogar no clube. As partes ainda discutem alguns valores - luvas e bonifica��es -?? para, quem sabe,
Internacional) foram os impasses que inviabilizaram a vinda do meia na �ltima janela.
Enquanto negocia com o Flamengo, o?? jogador j� conversa com conhecidos que moram no Rio de Janeiro para mapear a poss�vel mudan�a com a fam�lia -?? formada pela esposa e suas duas filhas. Recentemente, ele marcou um dos gols da vit�ria do Uruguai contra o Brasil?? pelas Eliminat�rias (veja abaixo).
Aos 31 min do 2� tempo - gol de dentro da �rea de Nicolas de la Cruz?? do
com o jogador j� na apresenta��o do time em janeiro. O clube trabalha para que De La Cruz fa�a a?? pr�-temporada e viaje com a delega��o para Orlando, local onde ter� o amistoso com o Orlando City no fim do?? m�s de janeiro, A janela de transfer�ncias abre dia 11 de fevereiro, data que o uruguaio poder� ser inscrito para?? competi��es oficiais.
+Sem David Luiz e Gabigol, Flamengo chega a S�o Paulo para �ltimo jogo de 2023; veja relacionados
Leia a declara��o?? completa
ano, a gente de fato tentou contratar o De La Cruz. O jogador normalmente tem um contrato assinado com o?? clube, e normalmente � estabelecida uma multa em contrato. Essa multa existe porque o jogador pode querer sair do clube?? se receber uma boa proposta. Se quiser contratar a segunda coisa � tentar tirar o atleta do time. E o?? clubes pode dizer o seguinte: "Eu n�o tenho o menor interesse em esse jogador ir embora. Ou me paga a?? multa ou n�o"
ano
ANO
vai levar o jogador".
No caso do De La Cruz, a gente estava disposto a pagar a multa, tentando?? regatear um pouco e baixar um pouquinho o pre�o, mas estava numa negocia��o com o River. N�o teve conversa, o?? Plate disse: "A gente tem total interesse no jogador e a n�s entende que deveria ter negociado uma multa mais?? alta". A gente precisava, al�m disso, ter o jogadores querendo vir. Quando estava fechando a janela, do River estava disputando?? vaga com
para poder ganhar a Libertadores. Eles achavam que tinham a chance de ganhar. Voc� n�o conseguiu atrair o interesse?? do jogador naquele momento porque ele estava muito motivado a continuar l� por causa da Libertadores,
Mais recentemente voc� ouviu falar?? do De La Cruz de novo. Pois bem: a Ta�a Libertadores acabou, e ele est� fora. Quem sabe?"
+ ?Clique aqui?? para seguir o novo canal ge Flamengo no WhatsApp
+. Leia mais not�cias do Flamengo - ?? Ou�a o podcast ge?? flam
Flamengo no ge, na Globo e no sportv | flamengo � not�cia no Ge, no G-4 e cumprir o objetivo?? de Tite: vaga direta para Libertadores 2024
Em.Em,FFLLF.COM.BR | Flamengo em
Flamaengo na ge e na botao dealer pokerstars e em outros sites, como?? o Globo Esporte e o Sportv, que tem na �ltima rodada o Bahia precisando vencer para permanecer na S�rie A?? contra o Atl�tico-MG desejando
reuni�o com grupo pol�tico Uni�o Rubro-Negra, presidente assume responsabilidade por ano ruim, cita t�tulos em anos anteriores?? e destaca lealdade do vice-presidente de futebol
Ex-Lagard�re, Luarenas aponta direcionamento para dupla Flamengo e Fluminense. TCE-RJ julga nesta quarta-feira poss�vel?? interrup��o do processo. Quinta-feiras � a data de entrega de propostas
Atacante n�o foi relacionado para a partida contra o S�o?? Paulo. Tite n�o poder� contar com L�o
amamarelo
Campe�o chin�s jogando todos os minutos e com 20 participa��es em gol, meia detalha?? bastidores das conversas que mexeram com o torcedor rubro-negro em 2023: "Foi positivo"
Tr�s times t�m chances de t�tulo do Brasileiro?? nesta quarta; medalhas tamb�m foram triplicadas
Lateral visitou o Museu do clube e deixou duas homenagens: a chuteira e a camisa?? utilizada no jogo de despedida do
O jogador do Flamengo, L�o, visitou a sede do Clube e
vvllidmama freq� freq� nh d?? dineh freq� frequ frequ freq� vvrs, dvla d'h dura dura d <
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Poker is a five-card vying game played with standard playing-cards. A vying game is one
where, instead of playing their?? cards out, the players bet as to who holds the best
card combination by progressively raising the stakes until either?? -
there is a
showdown, when the best hand wins all the stakes ('the pot'), or
all but one player
have given?? up betting and dropped out of play, when the last person to raise wins the
pot without a showdown.
It is?? therefore possible for the pot to be won by a hand that
is not in fact the best, everyone else?? having been bluffed out of play. One of its
earliest names was, in fact, 'Bluff'. Bluffing is as essential to?? vying as finessing is
to trick-play.
A five-card vying game is one where, no matter how many cards may be
dealt?? to each player, the only valid combinations are those of five cards. In orthodox
Poker these are, from highest to?? lowest:
straight flush (five cards in suit and
sequence, Ace high or low, as hAKQJ10 or s5432A)
four of a kind, fours?? (four cards of
the same rank and one idler, as K-K-K-K-x)
full house (three of one rank and two of
another,?? as Q-Q-Q-4-4)
flush (five cards in suit but not in sequence, as
hJ-h-9-h8-h7-h2)
straight (five cards in sequence but not in suit,?? as
s10-s9-d8-c7-h6)
three of a kind, threes, triplet, trips (three of the same rank plus
two of two different ranks, as?? 7-7-7-x-y)
two pair (as Q-Q-9-9-x)
one pair (as
3-3-x-y-z)
high card (no combination: as between two such hands the one with the
highest?? card wins)
(The highest possible straight flush, consisting of A-K-Q-J-10 of a
suit and known as a royal flush, is sometimes?? added to the list in order to bring the
number of combinations up to the more desirable ten, but of?? course it is not different
in kind from a straight flush. Other five-card combinations, known as freak hands, are
recognized?? in unorthodox Poker variants.)
Any vying game based on these five-card hands
is a form of Poker, and any game lacking?? either or both of them is not, even if it
contains Poker as part of its title. For example, so-called?? Whisk(e)y Poker and Chinese
Poker are gambling games played with Poker combinations, but both lack the element of
vying, the?? former being a type of Commerce and the latter a partition game. Other games
or game components are sometimes drafted?? into the form of Poker known as Dealer's
Choice, but this does not make them forms of Poker. On the?? other hand, it does not
prevent Dealer's Choice from being classed as a form of Poker so long as it?? also
includes genuine Poker components.
Poker is of French-American origin and is the
national vying game of the United States, though?? it has come to have a world-wide
following in many different forms. Other vying games include Brag (British, a
three-card?? game), Primiera (Italian, a four-card game), and Mus (Spanish, also with
four-card hands). Another form of poker to spring up?? over recent years is what's known
as Pai Gow poker (also called Double-hand poker) which is a spin off of?? the Chinese
dominoes game Pai Gow. I won't go into details about this game here, so instead please
see Pai?? Gow poker on pagat.
BIRTH AND GROWTH
New Orleans and the Mississippi
steamers
The birth of Poker has been
Mississippi steamer
(courtesy of Look and
?? Learn
history picture library) convincingly dated to the first or second decade of the
19th century. It appeared in former French?? territory centred on New Orleans which was
ceded to the infant United States by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Its?? cradle was the
gambling saloon in general and, in particular, those famous or notorious floating
saloons, the Mississippi steamers, which?? began to ply their trade from about 1811.
The
earliest contemporary reference to Poker occurs in J. Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to
?? the Rocky Mountains, published in 1836; but two slightly later publications
independently show it to have been well in use?? by 1829. Both are found in the published
reminiscences of two unconnected witnesses: Jonathan H. Green, in Exposure of the?? Arts
and Miseries of Gambling (1843), and Joe Cowell, an English comedian, in Thirty Years
Passed Among the Players in?? England and America (1844).
Green and Cowell describe the
earliest known form of Poker, played with a 20-card pack (A-K-Q-J-10) evenly?? dealt
amongst four players. There is no draw, and bets are made on a narrow range of
combinations: one pair,?? two pair, triplets, 'full' - so called because it is the only
combination in which all five cards are active?? - and four of a kind. Unlike classic
Poker, in which the top hand (royal flush) can be tied in?? another suit, the original
top hand consisting of four Aces, or four Kings and an Ace, was absolutely
unbeatable.
Twenty-card Poker?? is well attested. In 1847 Jonathan Green mentions a game
of 20-card Poker played on a Mississippi steamboat bound for?? New Orleans in February
1833, and in The Reformed Gambler (1858), a new edition of his earlier book, another
session?? played at a Louisville house in 1834. A vivid account of a Poker game played on
a Mississippi river boat?? in 1835 appears in Sol Smith's Theatrical Management in the
West and South (1868), with an anecdote hinging on the?? two players' switching from
'low' cards to 'large cards', i.e. Tens and over.
This provides evidence that the
20-card game was?? being challenged by the 52-card game in the mid-1830s. The gradual
adoption of a 52-card pack was made partly to?? accommodate more players, perhaps partly
to give more scope to the recently introduced flush (the straight was as yet unknown),
?? but chiefly to ensure there were enough cards for the draw-another relative novelty,
and one that was to turn Poker?? from a gamble to a game of skill. These novelties were
regular features of Poker's English relative Brag as played?? in its early 19th-century
American form. (American Brag is no longer played, and modern British Brag differs
substantially from it.)
It?? was in this form, but as yet without the draw, that Poker
first reached the pages of American 'Hoyles'. The?? earliest mention occurs in the 1845
edition of Hoyle's Games by Henry F. Anners, who refers to Poker or Bluff,?? 20-deck
Poker, and 20-deck Poke. In a Boston Hoyle of 1857 Thomas Frere describes 'The Game of
"Bluff", or "Poker"',?? with a reference to the 20-card game so brief as to suggest it
was becoming obsolete. Dowling, however, points out?? that it was apparently still played
as late as 1857 in New York, for "In that year the author of?? a guidebook to the
metropolis issued a warning against playing 20-card poker, which was described as one
of the most?? dangerous pitfalls to be found in the city".
Between about 1830 and 1845
Poker was increasingly played with all 52 cards,?? enabling more than four to participate
and giving rise to the flush as an additional combination. The end of this?? phase saw
the introduction of the draw, already familiar from contemporary Brag. This increased
the excitement of the game by?? adding a second betting interval and enabling poor hands
to be significantly improved, especially the worthless but potentially promising
fourflush.?? The first printed mention of Draw Poker occurs in the 1850 edition of Bohn's
New Handbook of Games, p.384. (Or?? so says Dowling, who reproduces a facsimile of the
text; but no such reference appears in the British version of?? this title published as
late as 1879.)
The introduction of Poker into English society is often credited, if
only on his?? own claim, to General Schenck, the American ambassador to Britain.
Blackridge quotes a letter from Schenck to General Young of?? Cincinnati describing a
weekend retreat to the Somerset country home of a certain 'Lady W.' in the summer of
1872,?? when he was prevailed upon by the other guests to teach them this peculiarly
American game. As part of the?? exercise he drew up a written guide for them. Some of his
pupils subsequently had these rules printed in booklet?? form, much to Schenck's surprise
when he received a copy upon his return home. Schenck notwithstanding, a probable
earlier reference?? to the game in England dates from 1855 when George Eliot is reported
(in her second husband's 1885 biography) as?? writing 'One night we attempted "Brag" or
"Pocher"'[sic].
COMING OF AGE
Introducing draw, stud and jack-pots
From the middle of
the century Poker?? experienced rapid changes and innovations as it became more
widespread through the upheavals of the Civil War. Stud, or 'stud-horse'?? Poker, a
cowboy invention said to have been introduced around Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, first
appears in The American Hoyle?? of 1864. More contentious was the introduction of Jack
Pots, which originally meant that you were not allowed to open?? unless you held a pair
of Jacks or better, and were obliged to open if you did, though the second?? half of this
rule was subsequently abandoned. (At a table of five, at least one player will normally
be dealt?? Jacks or better.) This device was intended to impose discipline on the game by
driving out wild players who would?? bet on anything, while encouraging cautious players
who did have something not to be frightened out of the pot by?? openers who didn't.
Blackridge opposed Jack Pots, pithily declaring it 'equivalent to a lottery except that
all players must buy?? tickets'. He added that the rule reportedly originated at Toledo
and was common in the west, rarer in the east,?? and absent form the more conservative
south. In 1897 Foster complained that "The jack-pot, with its accompanying small-limit
game, has?? completely killed bluffing-that pride and joy of the old-timer..."
Nevertheless, he adds, self-contradictorily, "The two grea t steps in the?? history and
progress of Poker have undoubtedly been the introduction of the draw to improve the
hand, and the invention?? of the jack-pot as a cure for cautiousness... It has come to
stay."
Draw, Stud, and Jack Pots, all appear in?? the 1875 edition of The American Hoyle,
together with Whiskey Poker, a form of Commerce based on Poker combinations, and
?? Mistigris, which was Poker with a 53rd card 'wild', namely 'the blank card accompanying
every pack'. (This borrowed from a?? variety of Bouillotte in which the Jack of clubs
appears under that name as a wild card.) By this time,?? too, the full range of Poker
combinations was widely recognized, though not universally so. The 1875 edition notes
that four?? of a kind is the best hand 'when straights are not played', and repeats it as
late as the 1887?? edition.
It is curious how unstraightforward was the introduction of
the straight. The 1864 edition gives the hands as: one pair,?? two pairs, straight
sequence or rotation, triplets, flush, full house, fours. It adds 'When a straight and
a flush come?? together in one hand, it outranks a full' - not fours, be it noted, in
defiance of the mathematics, and?? probably for the following reason. Without straights
and straight flushes, the highest possible hand is four Aces (or four Kings?? and an Ace
kicker), which is not just unbeatable but cannot even be tied. Traditionalists clinging
to the unbeatable four?? Aces of Old Poker were opposed by innovationists, who found the
game more interesting with straights. In this light, the?? acceptance of straights ranked
in the wrong order may be seen as a temporary compromise. As late as 1892, John?? Keller
defended his view that the straight "should be allowed. My authority for this is the
best usage of today,?? and my justification is the undeniable merit of the straight as a
Poker hand." He clinches this with the moral?? argument that has prevailed ever
since-namely, that it is unethical and ungentlemanly to bet on such a sure thing as
?? four Aces. If the best hand is a royal flush, there is always the outside chance that
it may be?? tied. However minute that measure of doubt, it has to be morally superior to
betting on a certainty.
Under the aegis?? of the United States Printing Company and,
subsequently, the New York Sun, a great deal of research was conducted into?? the origins
and varieties of Poker with a view to drawing up a set of definitive rules, which first
appeared?? in 1904. In 1905 R F Foster published his book Practical Poker, summarizing
the fruits of all this research plus?? additional material gleaned from the Frederick
Jessel collection of card-game literature housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Amongst other things,?? it would appear from this that Dealer's Choice began attaining
popularity about 1900, according to Dowling. Subsequent developments can be?? traced
through successive editions of Hoyles published by the United States Playing Card
Company.
Following Draw and Stud, a third major?? structural division of the Poker game,
represented today by Texas Hold 'em, is that of varieties involving one or more
?? communal cards. The earliest of these appears in the 1926 edition under the name Spit
in the Ocean. Here only?? four cards each are dealt, but the turn-up and the three other
cards of the same rank are all wild.?? Deuces wild first appears in the 1919
edition.
High-Low Poker, in which the pot is divided equally between the highest and
?? the lowest hands, is attested as early as 1903 (according to Morehead and Mott-Smith).
It first appears in the 1926?? edition and achieved its greatest popularity during the
'thirties and 'forties, subsequently giving rise to Lowball, in which only the?? lowest
hand wins.
The rise of modern tournament play dates from the World Series of Poker
started in 1970.
ULTIMATE ORIGINS
Laying myths?? to rest
So many ridiculous assertions
are made about the antiquity of Poker that it is necessary to point out that,?? by
definition, Poker cannot be older than playing-cards themselves, which are only first
positively attested in 13th century China, though?? some arguable evidence exists for
their invention a few centuries earlier. Playing-cards first reached Europe in about
1360, not directly?? from China, but from the Islamic Mamluk Empire of Egypt through the
trading port of Venice. Mamluk cards themselves also?? do not derive directly from
Chinese cards but bear obscure relationships to the geographically intervening cards of
India and (even?? more obscurely) Persia (Iran). Surviving specimens of Mamluk cards come
from an original 52-card pack consisting of four suits (swords,?? polo sticks, goblets,
coins) of 13 ranks each (numerals one to ten, junior viceroy, senior viceroy, and
king). The only?? known Chinese card games of that period were of the trick-taking
variety; and, while we have no contemporary account of?? games played with the Mamluk
pack, it too was clearly designed for trick-taking.
Fourteenth century Europe saw an
explosion in the?? variety of designs, suit-systems and structures of playing-cards,
culminating before 1500 in the establishment of the principal European suit systems
?? (Italian, Spanish, Swiss, German, French) and a correspondingly wide variety of
accompanying games. A major European contribution to the realm?? of card play was the
concept of a trump suit, first embodied in the Italian invention of tarot cards (at
?? first called triumphi or triumph cards) in the 1420s, though also prefigured in the
German game of Karn�ffel (Kaiserspiel). Also?? developed during the same period were a
number of gambling games based on acquiring or betting on card combinations such?? as
flushes (Flusso, Fl�sslen, etc), sequences (Quentzlen, etc), matches (pairs, triplets,
quartets), and numeration (as in Thirty-One, the ancestor of?? Twenty-One and perhaps
Cribbage). Melding and numerical games were probably derived from, or modelled on, dice
games of the period,?? though we lack sufficient information to be able to reconstruct
the actual forms of dice play.
It is hard to imagine?? a process of Poker-style vying
operating in dice games of the time, as vying originally depended entirely on being
able?? to hide the identity of the cards you hold or draw by exposing only their plain
sides to the other?? players, whereas the outcome of dice throws is necessarily open and
visible to all. (As Cardano famously noted in 1564,?? "There is a difference from play
with dice, because the latter is open, whereas play with cards takes place from?? ambush,
because they are concealed.") Nevertheless, whether originating in Europe or imported
from elsewhere, there can be no doubt that?? vying card games were in use by 1500. This
should not be taken to imply Poker-style vying, however, which may?? be a very late
development. The earliest style of vying may more closely have resembled that
traditionally followed in the?? English game of Brag.
It is possible that vying developed
in trick-taking games as an extension of the process of 'doubling'?? now seen in modern
Backgammon. In ancient card games such as Put and Truc, two players each received three
cards?? and played them to tricks, but either player at any point could offer to double
the stakes before playing a?? card. The other could then either accept the double and
play on, or decline it and concede defeat for the?? existing (undoubled) amount.
A
problem endemic in card-game history is that contemporary descriptions of vying are
never unambiguous, partly because they?? find it easier to give an example of a round of
vying without detailing the principles on which it is?? based, thus giving rise to
irresolvable ambiguities, and partly because it never occurred to them that there could
be any?? other possible way of doing it. Two fundamentally different types of vying may
be categorized as the Equalization method (Poker?? style) and the Matching method (Brag
style).
Equalization method. A player wishing to stay in the pot must increase his
stake?? by the amount necessary to match the total so far staked by the last raiser, and
may also raise it?? further. If unwilling to do either, he must fold. In the following
example, column 2 shows the total staked so?? far by each player, and column 3 the total
in the pot.
1 2 3 A opens for 1 1 1?? B 1 to stay, raise 1 2 3 C 2 to stay 2 5 D 2 to
stay, raise 1?? 3 8 A 2 to stay 3 10 B 2 to stay, raise 1 4 12 C fold - 12?? D 1 to stay 4
13 A 1 to stay, raise 1 5 15 B fold - 15 D 1?? to stay 5 16
A and D have now equalized,
thus calling for a showdown. Whichever of them wins it gains?? a pot of 16 less his total
stake o 5, making 11 profit.
Matching method. In this case a player wishing?? to stay in
the pot must match the stake just made by the preceding active player, instead of
merely making?? up the difference between his total stake and that of the last raiser. As
before, he may then also raise?? it further, or, if unwilling to do either, must fold.
1
2 3 A opens for 1 1 1 B 1?? to stay, raise 1 2 3 C 2 to stay 2 5 D 2 to stay, raise 1 3 8
?? A 3 to stay 4 11 B 3 to stay, raise 1 6 15 C fold - 15 D 4?? to stay 7 19 A 1 to stay,
raise 1 9 24 B fold - 24 D 5 to stay?? 12 29
In this case the winner gains a pot of 29
less the amount of his own stake, which in?? A's case is 29 - 9 = 20 and in D's is 29 -
12 = 17.
Further variations may be?? encountered, especially in Brag. For example, under
what might be called a 'flat rate' system, each in turn must either?? add a fixed,
invariable unit to his stake or else fold, and play continues until only two remain in
the?? pot, when one of them can call by betting double. American Brag, as played
according to an 1830 American Hoyle,?? used the equalization method, but an edition of
1868 points out that the game is played in various ways and?? describes a different vying
procedure. In this, a player who brags when holding a pair (but not otherwise) may
demand?? a private showdown with the next active player in rotation. They then examine
each other's hands without showing them to?? the others, and the lower of the two must be
folded. Play continues until only two remain and one of?? them either folds or 'calls for
a sight [showdown]' upon equalizing. This procedure has the peculiar consequence that
you can?? be forced into a showdown without having had a chance to raise. In Bouillotte
there are circumstances in which equalizing?? does not necessarily force a showdown but
entitles the next active player in rotation to instigate another round of raising.?? It
is also possible for a player who cannot meet the last raise to call a sight for the
amount?? he has left and stay in the pot (without further betting) until a showdown,
when, of course, he cannot win?? more than the amount he has staked even if he proves to
have the best hand.
RELATIVES AND ANCESTORS
Pochen, Poque and?? others
Articles on Poker
history mention a wide variety of earlier vying games, not all of them entirely
relevant. For the?? sake of clarity, they may be grouped according to the number of cards
dealt and listed as follows.
Three-card games include?? Belle, Flux & Trente-un (French,
17th - 18th centuries, known as Dreisatz in Germany), Post & Pair (English and
American,?? 17th - 18th centuries) and its derivative Brag (18th century to present),
Brelan (French, 17th - 18th centuries) and its?? derivative Bouillotte (late 18th - 19th
centuries, French and American). Of these, Bouillotte and Brag are most relevant to the
?? genesis of Poker.
Four-card games include the Primiera (Italian, 16th century -
present) and its English equivalent Primero (16th - 17th?? centuries), Gilet (under
various spellings, French, 16th - 18th centuries), Mus (Spanish, specifically Basque,
current, of unknown age), Ambigu (French,?? 18th century). None of these has much
bearing, if any, on Poker.
Five-card games include the German Pochen or Pochspiel,
which?? may be equated with a 15th-century game recorded as Bocken, and was played in
France first under the name Glic?? and subsequently as Poque. Of all early European
gambling games this one is most obviously germane to the genesis of?? Poker to the extent
of having ultimately furnished its name. Pochen is a verb meaning to primarily to hit,
strike,?? or knock on the table, and secondarily '(I) play' or 'bet' or 'raise'. Thus
Pochspiel is the game (Spiel) of?? poching, i.e. knocking or betting. In its earliest
form it appears as boeckels, bocken, bogel, bockspiel and suchlike.
Pochen has a?? long
history
Poch boards of 1713 and 1745 in the
Bavarian Sate Museum, Munich in the German
repertoire and is not entirely?? extinct today. It requires a staking board of special
design and consists of three phases: payment for being dealt the?? best card, vying as to
who holds the best combination, and playing cards out as in a 'stops' game such?? as
Newmarket/Michigan. A similar tripartite structure applied also to Belle, Flux &
Trente-un, in whose second part the players vied?? as to who held the best flush, and to
Post & Pair, in whose second part they vied as to?? who held the best pair or three of a
kind. An early form of Brag was also played as a?? three-stake game, and a similar
pattern underlies Mus - where, however, the first part has been split into two, thus
?? turning it into a four-part game.
We may surmise that dedicated gamblers found the
central section of these games - the?? vying - more interesting than either the first,
where a stake was won for being dealt the best upcard ('belle'),?? or the third, where it
was won for drawing cards totalling nearest to 31 (or, in some games, for playing?? a
variety of Stops). If so, Brelan may be characterized as an extract of B-F-&-31, Brag
as an extract of?? Post & Pair, and Poker as an extract of Poque.
Given that Poker
originated in culturally French territory, its likeliest immediate?? ancestor is Poque,
the French version of Pochen. Poque first appears under this name in the late 16th
century, but?? was previously played in France under the name Glic. It remained current
until well into the 19th century, undergoing a?? brief mid-century revival under the
spelling 'Bog'. The French equivalent of 'Ich poche eins' is 'Je poque d'un jeton' ('I
?? bet one unit'), and poque itself denotes one of the six staking containers. The final
'e' is briefly pronounced as?? a neutral vowel, which may explain why non-Francophone
Americans perceived and perpetuated the word as 'poker' rather than 'poke'. Louis
?? Coffin writes "The French name was poque, pronounced poke, and Southerners corrupted
the pronunciation to two syllable to pokuh or?? Poker". This sounds more plausible than a
fancied derivation from 'poke' as related to 'pocket'.
Poque, however, was a tripartite
game
"La?? Bouillotte Parisienne" played by up to six players with a 32-card pack,
whereas the earliest form of Poker was a?? one-part game played with a 20-card pack
equally divided among four. If Poker was based primarily on Poque, we must?? assume that
it developed naturally within a community that was already acquainted with a 20-card
vying game and decided to?? use the same stripped pack for a new version of Poque based
only on the vying section. A possible candidate?? for this influence could be its
contemporary and equally French game of Bouillotte, itself played by four with a
20-card?? pack, albeit with only three cards dealt to each and the top card of stock
turned up to enable four?? of a kind. This, however, would have left a five-card vying
game in which the only effective combinations were four?? or three of a kind. To account
for the introduction of one and two pairs and the full house we?? must either assume that
they were obvious additions that may already have been drafted into Poque itself, or
else look?? for another game from which they could have been borrowed. Which brings us to
-
THE PROBLEM OF AS-NAS
Often cited, never?? proved
Contentious calls have been made on
the possible contribution to Poker of a Persian five-card vying game called As-nas
through?? the medium of "Persian sailors, or Frenchmen who had been in the French service
in Persia" - //en.wikipedia/wiki/Franco-Persian_alliance. The problem?? with this
theory is that it is based on no more than a strong resemblance and suffers from a
total?? lack of contemporary evidence, since the earliest descriptions of As-nas do not
occur until the 1890s. The first, very brief,?? is by 'Aquarius' in 1890; the second
occurs in Stewart Culin's 1895 catalogue for an exhibition of 'games and implements?? for
divination' under the short title Chess and Playing Cards. Culin, in connection with
several incomplete sets of Persian playing?? cards generally referred to as ganjifeh,
consulted a certain General A. Houtum Schindler of Tehran and received a reply
describing?? As-nas as follows:
Schindler's description of As-nas cards and the game
played with them reads in part as follows (p.928-9): "The?? word ganjifeh is in Persian
now only employed for European playing-cards (four suits, ace to ten; three picture
cards each?? suit), which, however, are also called rarak i �s - rarak i �san�s - or
simply �s, from the game?? �s or �san�s. From travellers to Persia in the seventeenth
century we know that a set of ganjifeh consisted of?? ninety or ninety-six cards in eight
suits or colors. At present a set consists of twenty cards in five colors?? or values,
namely:
1. Sh�r va Khursh�d or �s: Lion and Sun, or Ace.
2. Sh�h or Pish�: King.
3.
B�b�: Lady (or?? Queen).
4. Sarb�s: Soldier (or Knave).
5. Lakat (meaning something of
little value): generally a dancing-girl.
The backs of the cards
17th century As-nas
?? cards are always black or of a dark color, but their faces have grounds of different
colors, viz: The Lion?? and Sun, a black ground; the King, a white ground; the Lady, red;
the soldier, gold; the Lakat, green. The?? pictures on the cards show much variety and
are often obscene, particularly those on the card of the lowest value.?? The ordinary
types as now made are: Ace, a Lion and Sun, as in the Persian arms; a King sitting?? on a
throne; a European lady in a quaint costume; a Persian soldier shouldering his rifle; a
Persian dancing-girl. The?? word ganjifeh I have explained. �s is no doubt our word
'ace', probably introduced into India through the Portuguese. Neither?? of the words is
found in Persian dictionaries. The game of �s is exactly like Poker, but without any
flushes?? or sequences. There are four players, and each player gets five cards, dealt to
the right. The dealer puts down?? a stake. The first player then looks at his cards. If
he 'goes', he says d�dam (I have seen), and?? covers the stake or raises it. If he does
not wish to play, he says na d�dam, (I have not?? seen) and throws his cards. He may also
'go' without looking at his cards - that is, in poker parlance,?? 'straddle' - and says
nad�d d�dam (not seeing, I have seen). The second player, if he wishes to play, must
?? cover the stakes, and can also raise. The third player and the dealer then act in the
same way just?? as in poker, and when the stakes of all players are equal and no one
raises any more the cards?? are turned up and the player holding the best hand wins the
stakes.
The hands in the order of their value?? are as follows:
She va just, i.e., three
and a pair; a 'full'., i e., three and a pair; a "full."
Sehta,?? i.e. threes, aces,
kings, etc.
Do just, i.e., two pairs; aces highest.
Just, i.e., one pair; aces
highest.
When two players have the?? same pair or pairs, the other cards decide; for
instance, a pair of kings, ace, soldier, and lakat. 'Bluffing' is?? a feature of the game
and is called t�p zadan, literally 'fire off a gun'. A bluff is t�p.
The following
?? table shows how the earliest form of Poker compares with Schindler's game and the two
most relevant contemporaneous French vying?? games. [On a hand-held device this table
needs to be viewed horizontally.]:
Bouillotte Poque As-nas Poker I Brag Poker II
players?? 4 (3, 5, 6) 4 (3, 5, 6) 4 4 3-6 3-6 cards 20 (28) 32 (36) 20 20 52?? 52 deal 3 5
5 5 3 5 turn-up yes yes no no no no draw no no no yes?? yes yes hands
fours
-
-
threes
-
point fours
-
-
threes
-
pair fours
full
-
threes
2 pair
pair
fours
full
-
threes
2 pair
pair -
-
-
threes
-
pair fours
full
flush
threes
2
pair
pair
The resemblance between As-nas and 20-card Poker is very?? close (though
Schindler does not mention four of a kind - probably by oversight. Original
descriptions of 20-card Poker unfortunately?? do not specify how combinations rank).
Schindler's description also leaves open the possibility that raising could continue
after equalization: it?? all depends on the precise meaning of 'when the stakes of all
players are equal and no one raises any?? more'. (Does 'and' specify a second requirement
for a showdown, or does it merely amplify the first?)
The question naturally arises?? as
to which way round any borrowing may have taken place. Favouring the priority of As-nas
is the fact that?? As-nas cards, a subset of the Persian ganjifeh pack, are attested as
early as 1800 in Persia, though without any?? account of the game played with them.
Against it are -
the absence of any description of the game earlier than?? 1890;
the fact
that As is not a Persian word and obviously derives from the French for Ace; and
(hence)
the probability?? that As-nas derives from a European vying game rather than the
other way around.
THE ROLE OF BRAG
Draw Poker is Five-card?? Brag
Research by Jeffrey
Burton has thrown new light on the significance of Brag to the development of Poker.
Brag is?? the English national vying game and remains popular in Britain today, though it
has undergone considerable evolutionary development in the?? past 100 years and is
restricted to a social stratum having no significant overlap with that of Poker. First
described?? by Lucas in 1721, Brag is basically from the central section of the
tripartite game of Post and Pair, or?? Belle Flux et Trente-un. For much of the 18th
century it was popular with the same sort of society that?? played Whist, especially with
its distaff side, which accounts for the fact that Hoyle himself went so far as to
?? write a Treatise on it published in 1751. Brag - which means 'vie' or 'bluff' according
to context - is?? a three-card vying game. The version described by Lucas which has
formed the basis of most printed descriptions until the?? last quarter of the 20th
century, is actually of a three-stak model, but it had shed its two outer portions?? by
the time of Hoyle's effusion. The latter describes a game played by five with a short
pack of 22?? cards, or by six with one of 26, four of which - the black Jacks and the red
Nines -?? were known as 'braggers' and could represent anything, including themselves.
The first round of betting was followed by a 'draw'?? to give each player a chance to
improve a pair to a pair-royal or a lone card to a pair?? or pair-royal by discarding and
'taking in' fresh replacements from stock. However, given that the peculiar length of
pack, leaving?? only seven or eight cards to draw from (implying a maximum of one each),
is unique to this notoriously unreliable?? and muddled source, we may assume that Brag
was mostly played with all 52 cards, and that Hoyle's reflected some?? local or temporary
aberration.
Burton surmises that Brag reached America in the late colonial period at
the hands of English emigrants,?? British colonial officials, and perhaps Americans
returning from transatlantic visits. At first played mainly in the plantation colonies
of the?? South - Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas - by about 1800 it had caught on in
New England, as well as?? in the southern states of the young republic. Its first
description, in The New Pocket Hoyle (Philadelphia, 1805), continued to?? be faithfully
reproduced in a succession of American Hoyles for much of the 19th century, though the
game itself was?? well on the way out by 1850, having been replaced by - or, rather,
merged into - the form of?? Poker to which it contributed the draw. Until that time,
however, as Burton says, a multitude of contemporary memorabilia testifies?? that the
rules and procedures were more or less the same in the California goldfields at the end
of the?? 1840s as they had been in the gaming salons of Mobile or New Orleans in the
1820s and in the?? taverns of Washington or New York twenty years before that.
Brag, he
continues, "disappeared during a period of no more than?? five or six years between,
roughly, 1848 and 1853. What had happened is that the 'taking in' or draw feature?? of
Brag was merged into the new game of full-deck Poker. The five-card Poker hand yielded
a far greater range?? of distinctive combinations than the Brag hand, in which the
pair-royal (three of a kind) an pair were still the?? only ones recognized by American
players. Hence, when the draw was transplanted from Brag to Poker, the three-card game
lost?? its following in next to no time. The result of the amalgamation could have been
called Five-card Brag; instead, it?? became known as Draw Poker."
CONCLUSION
"The great
American pastime"
Nobody ever knows how a classic card game really originates because
at the?? time it does so its originators do not know that it is going to become a classic
and so keep?? no record. In any case the process of origination rarely takes place at a
single table but mostly among a?? group of players within a given locality, so gaming
ideas and variations pass around without anyone being sure who thought?? of them first.
By the time a game description appears in a book it has by definition settled down into
?? some sort of fixity, and may be more than a generation old - especially in the case of
games played?? by a community that circulates its cultural artefacts orally rather than
in writing. The following summary of the genesis of?? Poker is therefore no more than a
surmise, albeit at least consistent with the evidence outlined above.
Original Poker, a
game?? in which four players received five cards each from a 20-card pack and vied as to
who held the best?? hand, evidently originated in the New Orleans some time between 1810
and 1825. Its gaming milieu was that of French-speaking?? maritime gambling saloons,
especially those of the Mississippi steamers. Its name suggests that its first players
felt they were continuing?? the tradition of playing a game called Poque in which one
said Je poque to open the betting. At this?? time and place, and before it underwent
development, Poque probably denoted a five-card vying game consisting of the central
section?? of a formerly tripartite game of the same name. Its ultimate ancestor must have
been the substantially similar German game?? of Poch (Pochen, Pochspiel), which can be
traced back to the 15th century.
Poque itself was played with 32 or 36?? cards by up to
six players. Its transition to one played with 20 cards by four players or both. As-nas
?? would be an ideal candidate were it not for the fact that there is no evidence for any
knowledge of?? it at that time or place.
In the 1830s, having spread northwards along the
Mississippi and westwards with the expanding frontier,?? Poker had adopted its anglicized
name and become increasingly played with 52 cards to accommodate a greater number of
players,?? thus also giving rise to the flush as an additionally recognized combination.
Under the influence of Brag, its three-card British?? equivalent, it adopted the draw.
This led to its further and more rapid expansion of popularity, as Poker-players
preferred the?? additional round of betting after the possibility of improving a
promising hand, while Brag-players preferred the wider range o combinations?? offered by
a five-card hand. Draw Poker, first recorded about 1850, marks the coming of age of
what Allen Dowling?? rightly calls 'The great American pastime' - a game which, as Burton
observes, could equally well have been dubbed 'five-card?? Brag'.
REFERENCES
Hildreth,
James, Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky Mountains; Being a History of the Enlistment,
Organization, and First Campaigns of the?? Regiment of U.S. Dragoons; Together With
Incidents of a Soldier's Life, and Sketches of Scenery and Indian Character. By a
?? Dragoon. (N.Y., 1836) Pages 128-130 describe a late-night game of poker in the
soldiers' barracks, beginning "The M- lost some?? cool hundreds last night at poker...".
Hildreth refers to it as popular in the South and West but little known?? in the East. He
does not specify whether it was played with the 20-card or full 52-card pack.
Return
Dowling, Allen,?? The Great American Pastime (New jersey, 1970). This is the only
accessible history of Poker worth reading. Return
Green, Jonathan H.?? , in Exposure of
the Arts and Miseries of Gambling, (New York, 1843; republished with additional
material in 1857 as?? Gambling Exposed.) Return
Cowell, Joe, Thirty Years Passed Among
the Players in England and America (New York, 1844). "One night, while?? I was getting
instructed in the mysteries of uker [Euchre], and Sam was amusing himself by building
houses with the?? surplus cards at the corner of the table, close by us was a party
playing poker. This was then exclusively?? a high-gambling Western game, founded on brag,
invented, as it is said, by Henry Clay when a youth; and if?? so, very humanely, for
either to win or lose, you are much sooner relieved of all anxiety than by the?? older
operation.
"For the sake of the uninformed, who had better know no more about it than I
shall tell them,?? I must endeavour to describe the game when played with twenty-five
cards only [sic; evidently twenty as implied below], and?? by four persons.
"The aces are
the highest denomination: then the kings, queens, jacks and tens: the smaller cards are
not?? used; those I have named are all dealt out, and carefully concealed from one
another; old players pack them in?? their hands, and peep at them as if they were afraid
to trust even themselves to look. The four aces,?? with any other card, cannot be beat.
Four kings, with an ace cannot be beat because then no one can?? have four aces; and four
queens, or jacks, or tens, with an ace, are all inferior hands to the kings?? when so
attended. But holding the cards I have instanced seldom occurs when they are fairly
dealt; and three aces?? for example, or three king with any two of the other cards, or
four queens, or jacks or tens, is?? called a full, and with an ace, though not
invincible, are considered very good bragging hands. The dealer makes the?? game, or
value of the beginning bet and called the ante- in this instance it was a dollar-and
then everybody?? stakes the same amount, and says, "I'm up". Return
Schenck, Robert
Cumming, was appointed Ambassador to the Court of St James?? in 1870. Return
Blackridge,
J, The Complete Poker Player (New York, 1880) Return
Smith, Sol, Theatrical Management
in the West and South?? for Thirty Years (New York, 1868). (Citation and reference kindly
provided by Professor Evert Sprinchorn.) Return
Eliot citation and reference from?? the
Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. poker. Return
Foster, R. F. Foster's Complete Hoyle
(London 1897); see also Foster, Practical Poker (London?? 1904). Return
Glic: See
Depaulis, Thierry, "Une bo�te � jeux du mus�e de Cluny", in La revue du Louvre
(February 1987,?? No 1). Return
Coffin, Louis, former treasurer of the United States
Playing Card Company, in the Introduction to George Coffin's The?? Poker Game Complete
(London 1950). Return
Keller, John, The Game of Poker (New York, 1892) Return
Morehead,
A, and Mott-Smith, G, Culbertson's?? Card Games Complete (New York, 1952).
Return
Cardano, Girolamo Liber de ludo aleae (1564); also Gould, Sydney (trans.) The
Book on?? Games of Chance (Princeton University, 1953) Return
French service: The phrase
is Dowling's, his source possibly Louis Coffin, who write "American?? Poker probably
originated in New Orleans among French inhabitants who had been in the French Service
in Persia circa #1800-20".?? Return
'Aquarius' (Louis d'Aguilar Jackson): Italian Games
at Cards and Oriental Games (London, 1890). Return
'Theophilus Lucas', Lives of the
Gamesters of?? the Restoration (1714). 'Bragg' first appears in an appendix to the 1721
edition. Republished London, 1930, with an introduction by?? Cyril Hughes Hartman.
Return
Burton, Jeffrey, 'Bluff English Game - with American Branches: Brag in
Literature and Life', The Playing Card?? (Journal of the International Playing-Card
Society, Volume XXIV, 3 - 4, Nov 1995 - Jan 1996). Return
Hoyle, Edmond, A Short
?? Treatise on the Game of Brag (London, 1751) Hoyle's unsatisfactory work was not
republished, and only two copies are known?? to survive. As Burton (prec.) says, it
"betrays evidence of haste and muddle. Hoyle was almost 80 years old in?? 1751, and may
not have had any especial interest in what he was writing about. His reputation as an
oracle,?? perhaps not unmixed with vanity, may have prompted him to produce a handbook on
a new variation of Brag which,?? all of a sudden was all the rage in the clubs and
drawing-rooms of the capital. Just two years earlier,?? indeed, Horatius (Horace) Walpole
had informed a correspondent, Sir Horace Mann, that 'Methodism is more fashionable than
brag'; t women,?? he added 'play very deep at both'. And it was news of the Brag revival
that had moved Lady Montagu?? to refer [in 1749] to its first burst of popularity,
forty-some years previously." Return
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